这是一群高智商男生们的故事。二十世纪八十年代，英国北部的一所男子中学里，八个高中生正积极准备着牛津和剑桥大学的招生考试。这几个男生性格各异。有万人迷，自视甚高的Dakin（多米尼克•库珀 Dominic Cooper 饰）；有四肢发达头脑不简单的Rudge（拉塞尔•托维 Russell Tovey 饰）等。他们对课本对知识有属于自己的解读 教他们文学的是个肥胖，教学方式独特的怪老头Hector（理查德•格雷弗斯 Richard Griffiths饰），他主张学生通过课本获得情感上的共鸣和享受，而不是单纯为了升学而读。与他教学模式相反的则是学校新聘请的老师Tom（斯蒂芬•坎贝尔•莫尔 Stephen Campbell Moore 饰）。Tom的目标则是协助这些孩子尽可能考上牛津或剑桥。两种老师的两种教学模式，究竟孰优孰劣，或许并没有一个标准答案。
Lay your sleeping head, my love, Human on my faithless arm; Time and fevers burn away Individual beauty from Thoughtful children, and the grave Proves the child ephemeral: But in my arms till break of day Let the living creature lie, Mortal, guilty, but to me The entirely beautiful.
Soul and body have no bounds: To lovers as they lie upon Her tolerant enchanted slope In their ordinary swoon, Grave the vision Venus sends Of supernatural sympathy, Universal love and hope; While an abstract insight wakes Among the glaciers and the rocks The hermit's carnal ecstasy.
Certainty, fidelity On the stroke of midnight pass Like vibrations of a bell And fashionable madmen raise Their pedantic boring cry: Every farthing cost, All the dreaded cards foretell, Shall be paid, but from this night Not a whisper, not a thought, Not a kiss nor look be lost.
Beauty, midnight, vision dies: Let the winds of dawn that blow Softly round your dreaming head Such a day of welcome show Eye and knocking heart may bless, Find our mortal world enough; Noons of dryness find you fed By the involuntary powers, Nights of insult let you pass Watched by every human love.
About suffering they were never wrong, The Old Masters; how well, they understood Its human position; how it takes place While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along; How, when the aged are reverently, passionately waiting For the miraculous birth, there always must be Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating On a pond at the edge of the wood: They never forgot That even the dreadful martyrdom must run its course Anyhow in a corner, some untidy spot Where the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse Scratches its innocent behind on a tree.
In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry, But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green Water; and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky, had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.
meaning: The basic premise of the poem is response to tragedy, or as the song goes "Obla Di, Obla Da, Life Goes On." The title refers to the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels. Auden visited the museum in 1938 and viewed the painting by Brueghel, which the poem is basically about. Generalizing at first, and then going into specifics the poem theme is the apathy with which humans view individual suffering. Auden wrote that "In so far as poetry, or any of the arts, can be said to have an ulterior purpose, it is, by telling the truth, to disenchant and disintoxicate." The poem juxtaposes ordinary events and exraordinary ones, although extraordinary events seem to deflate to everyday ones with his descriptions. Life goes on while a "miraculous birth occurs", but also while "the disaster" of Icarus's death happens.
background info: For those cultural barbarians who don't know the story of Icarus, here it is, in condensed form. Icarus was a Greek mythological figure, also known as the son of Daedalus (famous for the Labyrinth of Crete). Now Icarus and his dad were stuck in Crete, because the King of Crete wouldn't let them leave. Daedalus made some wings for the both of them and gave his son instruction on how to fly (not too close to the sea, the water will soak the wings, and not too close to the sky, the sun will melt them). Icarus, however, appeared to be obstinate and did fly to close to the sun. This caused the wax that held his wings to his body to melt. Icarus crashed into the sea and died.
hints: Some have even claimed to find hints of Auden's eventual reconversion to Christiantiy in the poem. Richard Johnson, author of "Man's Place: An Essay on Auden", believes there is a touch of Christian awareness in the poem, especially the timeline. The reader of the poem is placed in front of the Breughel painting in a museum, and at the same time is expected to project those images and truths to the world outside. There is also a sort of continuity through the poem as you read it and are allowed to see what the poet means. This allows a reader to become aware of his human position. The poem first discusses a "miraculous birth", and at the end "the tragedy" of a death. The theme in the poem is human suffering. If you add these things together, and stir really well you might even get some hints at religion, mainly at Christianity Also, the poem suggest a religious acceptance of suffering (example: eating your morning breakfast while watching coverage of a serious trainwreck on CNN). Religious acceptance basically means coming to terms with the ways of the world.
[No.3] 西罗普郡少年- []A SHROPSHIRE LAD
XXXI. "On Wenlock Edge the wood's in trouble..."
by A. E. Housman (1859-1936) On Wenlock Edge the wood's in trouble; His forest fleece the Wrekin heaves; The gale, it plies the saplings double, And thick on Severn snow the leaves.
'Twould blow like this through holt and hanger When Uricon the city stood: 'Tis the old wind in the old anger, But then it threshed another wood.
Then, 'twas before my time, the Roman At yonder heaving hill would stare: The blood that warms as English yeoman, The thoughts that hurt him, they were there.
There, like the wind through woods in riot, Through him the gale of life blew high; The tree of man was never quiet: Then 'twas the Roman, now 'tis I.
The gale, it plies the saplings double, It blows so hard, 'twill soon be gone: To-day the Roman and his trouble Are ashes under Uricon.
A.E.Housman简介：
Alfred Edward Housman was born in a village in rural Shropshire, England in 1859. As a student at Oxford, he distinguished himself as a promising scholar of classics, though crises of a personal nature caused him to fail his final exams. Housman was determined to overcome this failing. When not working at the British Patent office Housman wrote scholarly articles, and published many of them to very high regard from those in academic circles. He was invited to teach at the University of London as a professor of Latin, and soon stepped up to Cambridge University, to retire to the life of a shy academic. He published only two volumes of poetry --A Shropshire Lad in 1898 and Last Poems in 1922 -- yet these were instantly and enormously popular. However successful he was, the tone of his poems remained that of the Latin poets he admired: that life is short and often, inexplicably, comes to a bad end.
另外，八十多年前郁达夫也曾提到过A Shropshire Lad：
啊呵，去年六月在灯火繁华的上海市外，在车马喧嚷的黄浦江边，我一边念着Housman的A Shropshire Lad里的 Come you home a hero Or come not home at all， The lads you leave will mind You Till Ludlow tower shall fall
They throw in Drummer Hodge, to rest Uncoffined – just as found: His landmark is a kopje-crest That breaks the veldt around; And foreign constellations west Each night above his mound.
Young Hodge the Drummer never knew – Fresh from his Wessex home – The meaning of the broad Karoo, The Bush, the dusty loam, And why uprose to nightly view Strange stars amid the gloam.
Yet portion of that unknown plain Will Hodge forever be; His homely Northern breast and brain Grow to some Southern tree, And strange-eyed constellation reign His stars eternally.
赫克特这个人物交织了很多矛盾，一方面，是个才华横溢的教师；另一方面，他逾越了道德界限，做了令人不齿的事——性骚扰他的男学生。乍看这部电影仿佛落入了俗套：道貌岸然、道德败坏的男教师的故事?
只是，这真的是《历史系男生》要表达的主题吗？不！影片中多彩而美妙的配乐，纯熟而毫不拖沓的节奏把握，那一个个饱满而丰实的人物，那一段段令人应接不暇的精辟睿智的对白，绝不是用来讲述这样一个关于道德批判的滥白故事。
一、传递“包裹”
在一堂文学课上，赫克特表达了他独特的教育理念,他告诉男孩们学诗歌的意义：即使诗歌大多是关于没有发生在我们身上的事，即使现在不能理解，即使与考试无关，但只要你现在去学习它，理解它，总有一天你会懂，那一刻也许是痛苦、快乐的时候，也许是弥留之际，而此时“你已经有解药了”。
赫克特总是这样，用诗意唯美的方式，娓娓道来，向你传授这些凝练的感悟。
在指导普斯纳（Posner）鉴赏《鼓手霍奇》这部作品时，赫克特的教育理念展现得淋漓尽致。
《鼓手霍奇》是关于一个无名小卒在战争年代的故事，默默无名的鼓手霍奇死去，被孤伶伶地埋葬在遥远的异乡。此时，60多岁的赫克特刚刚遭受了被迫提前退休的打击，突如其来的变故使赫克特对人生产生了怀疑与悲哀，而《鼓手霍奇》作者托马斯•哈代孤独落魄的一生仿佛与此时的赫克特同病相怜。
于是，前人的思想情感在赫克特心中强烈地共鸣着，与个体的经历、际遇交融，带上了个体的深刻烙印，然后，赫克特作为传播“介质”，像传递“包裹”那样,把前人的思想情感通过语言的表达，在普斯纳心中同样引起共鸣。情节发展到此处，象征着赫克特这个人物已经完成了他的使命——也就是他所说的“传递包裹”，人类文明和历史在本质上就是这样经过传递而被继承下来的，穿越时空，从一个心灵到另一个心灵。教育，也就是一种“传递”。正如赫克特所说的，接受它，感受它，传递它。这才是赫克特想让男孩们明白的“比赛（Game)”，而不是仅仅为了应付考试。普斯纳后来继承赫克特的衣钵，成为一名教师，把赫克特递过来的包裹传递下去，更是印证了这一主题。
也许，这才是《历史系男生》想讲述的。
二、违背道德？？
无疑地，赫克特珍视他的事业，不然他也不会因为被迫提前退休而如此黯然神伤，不知道是什么驱使赫克特冒险逾越了道德的界限，侥幸心理？还是轻视道德？或者两者兼有？我们也许无从得知。
不过，有趣的是，对于赫克特的“骚扰”，男孩们的态度值得玩味。不同于校长认为这是一桩“极不体面的事情”，男孩们最多只是觉得赫克特是个笑料，一直以来都和赫克特亲密无间；达肯（Dakin）说赫克特的离开某种程度上不得不说是遗憾，最后甚至用小花样迫使校长收回赫克特的辞退令……
这使我想起另外一部电影《十诫》里的一个故事，一个男人为了追求“纯粹的”自由，，于是在周末邀请友人到自己家里举办一丝不挂的“裸体Party”，别误会，他们只是想自由自在地阅读、听歌、烧烤，讨论音乐，没有其他。虽然这和赫克特的行为有着质的区别，但同样让我们萌发了一些思考：毫无疑问，道德对于维系人类社会的存在和发展有着巨大的意义，但是，我们又该如何定义某一些处在道德边缘的事情呢？特别是当人性与普遍道德价值产生摩擦的时候，比如同性恋、安乐死……
三、尾声
不管怎样，赫克特还是优雅的赫克特，还是那个想买一辆货车装满书本，开上无尽的公路周游世界的可爱老头子……圆满的结局似乎已经来到，当男孩们的前途都有了好归宿，赫克特也不必提前退休的时候，他却突然去世了……纵然令人措手不及，但未尝不是一种美好的解脱，把一切的争论和喧嚣都抛在身后，愿他充满诗意的灵魂安息……
历史，由始至终都是《历史系男生》展开叙事的线索。对于赫克特的死，Dakin问道：“历史是怎样发生的？”；桃乐丝（Dorothy）老师说，历史是女性提着花篮跟在无能的男人们身后；Rudge说，历史是一件又一件该死的事情……虽然是由舞台剧改编的，但人物、对白、情节，一切都很自然，没有造作的痕迹，没有过度的渲染。80年代英国校园的宁静葱郁，学院建筑的宏伟深沉，诗歌的优美雅致，男孩们惟妙惟肖的角色模仿，扑鼻的青春气息……还有令人印象深刻的那一幕：赫克特曾感慨地谈起阅读的愉悦，当你读到某些独特的文字，感悟到了什么，就像坐在某人身旁，然后有一只手握住了你……
充满历史感的唯美，过目难忘。
开始时很惊讶他们在如此一部100分钟的电影里容纳了这么多，没有冗赘的废话或镜头，每一分钟都让我有感想。查了资料才知道原来是话剧改编的电影，这的确解释了很多。首先，个人以为话剧演员的台词功力比单纯的电影电视演员要高，没有太浓重的口音。另一个令人高兴的是表演并没有过多舞台痕迹，不会有那种表演过于用力的感觉，很自然。但就整个电影来说，没有体现电影这种形式的优势，好象就是用镜头带着你去看了遍话剧。镜头变化不多，拍人脸时就一直拍脸，比较固定。好处是能让人更好地欣赏演员的表演。
影片无论从什么角度看，主题、用色、背景……都写着两个大字——英国。影片主线是考牛津剑桥，副线是同性情感问题。
同死亡诗社不同，这里的学生不是需要叛逆的老师来带他们突破陈规陋习，而是需要一个老师帮他们通过大学考试，需要应试教育。这8个学生很努力，每次看到他们下课之后就冲到图书馆借书的情景我都挺感动的，被勤奋的态度感动了。老头主张为知识本身的乐趣而学习，新老师是告诉他们考官要什么。但与印象中的应试教育不同，新老师要求学生把所知道的一切都尽量表现出来，去努力思考发掘别人想不到的角度。而那些学生之所以能背很多诗歌片段，是靠老教师打下的基础。影片让人想到教育界和心理界上困扰很久并将继续困扰的问题：我们如何选拔人才？我们从靠出身靠种族靠血统到现在的靠考试，然后世界就是现在这副样子。无论你是培养学生背诵知识或学会创造还是提高素质（关于什么是素质，那是另一个话题），到最后总是要考试，有考试就有应试教育，这不是中国特色。面对考试的现实，空谈知识的乐趣真的没什么用。英国电影在某种时刻相当现实，但有的时候天真得可笑。
既然故事发生在文法男校，考虑到现在同性恋这么流行，不拿出来实在浪费素材。李银河的以同性恋和虐恋为主题的著作都举了英国男校的例子。我一直有一个想法，历史越久远的国家就越开放，比如欧洲比美国开放，更能接纳事物。毕竟，太阳底下没什么太新鲜的，很多现在不能接受的新想法，有着古老的根源。
Hector，和学生讨论哈代文字的美妙，在放学路上骚扰学生，衰老肥胖的同性恋，像所有知识分子一样悲观，喜欢动名词结构，就是这么一个存在。我相信的他教学很有用，因为天知道哪些东西会对你有用，所以学什么都一样。只是在考试前，他显得不合时宜。影片不没有关注于他的教学，只是很精彩地提了几笔，但他的私生活才是真正的噱头。每天放学都要顺路带学生，然后边骑摩托边性骚扰……在质疑他的人格之前，我想先肯定一下动作的难度。毕竟对一个超过200斤的人来说，一手扶车把一手向后伸不是一件容易的事。为什么他会这样做？他用“给予”来为自己辩护，听起来实在像变态连环强奸犯。这些人都是把犯罪看成自己在做好事。所以连他的同事都听不下去这种拙劣的辩解。但就学生而言，他们对他的骚扰是什么态度呢？答案是：并不特别厌恶。毕竟乡间小路上狂飚时的同性按摩，对17、8岁的男生来说是很刺激的体验，我猜。而且很明显，有的不能理解这件事的学生，他不去碰。也还算有起码的道德吧。这是不是同性的方便之处？试想如果是男老师骚扰女学生或女老师骚扰男学生？事情就大了吧。在这方面，学生对他的评价是：一个笑料。
Irwin，表层性格与真实自我有很大差异。作为一个教师，他犀利、激进、不择手段；作为一个人，他小心谨慎，不愿表露自我。他可能是Homo也可能BI，没有明确表示，但他不太在乎，他接受对他有吸引力的人。作为教师的他博学而且很有魅力，人气高的花花公子也在努力取悦他，努力到连字迹都和他相似。他开始时就喜欢Darkin，但只是像老师喜欢有趣的学生，直到对方用二战的开始这种来向他暗示和表白，相当不一般的方式。但他显然明白了那暗示，而且他的表现说明他喜欢他，一个人对另一个人的喜欢。最后Darkin来和他挑明时，他却假装羞怯，非要让人逼到眼前才答应。我想，是因为他有太多秘密要保守，所以要塑造另一个自我。据说话剧里这个角色更狡猾，和Hector老师的冲突更激烈，不像电影里这么讨人喜欢。
Darkin，在学校里男女通吃，一边和校长秘书鬼混一边企图引诱老师，混乱，迷惑，只能用青春期来解释了。虽然他是主角，但我现在还挖不出太多，可能是因为他太典型。
小犹太，绝望地喜欢着Darkin，自卑，敏感，但有勇气。他冲着Darkin唱歌的样子像天使。演员完美地展现了他多方面的性格特点。
基督徒，从我的审美来看，挺帅的。他有趣的地方在于，作为一个虔诚的宗教人士，他和一个犹太同性恋最要好，对大屠杀集中营更敏感。他可以接受坐在Hector的后座，我猜是因为他的信仰要求他不能自慰，所以他就另找出路了……他特别八卦大概也是因为这个。
Totti老师，影片有台词的两个女性之一。据说在这部话剧在美国上演时，她凭这个角色拿到了TONY奖。这真让我想看话剧，在影片里她表现的地方太少了，虽然很有力量但还是太少。
其他学生在电影里没什么表现，因为时间的原因，删减了很多。我相信原作应该很有趣，有打扮很嬉皮的，有大胖子，有运动特长生，黑人与穆斯林也不应该像电影里这样只是作为多元性的符号存在。
真希望能看到话剧，毕竟这些人不可能一直演下去，不是什么年龄都能演高中生的。
1、
As for truths, scripts, forget it.
Knowledge, pursuit it for its own sake.
Irwin所倡导的学习历史的方法，反映出东西方教育的本质差异。
对公认的史实，没有任何记诵的必要，因为所有人都知道。学习历史的方法是，选择一个新的角度，用新的方法，新的逻辑来重新观察、挖掘、分析和思考。从同一段历史中，找到不同的地方，这样的研究才具有价值。
Irwin的主张与国人惯常理解的“历史就是死记硬背”完全是背道而驰的。历史是浩瀚宏大的，没有任何人能够真正全面的看得清楚。保持开放的心态，不断的研究；或者盖棺定论，僵化为教条，这便是区别。
背诵，教科书上记录着的唯一真理。对于人文学科，这样的学习方式等同于毁灭。
2、
Take it, feel it and pass it on.
历史的意义在于传承。从一个人，到另外一人，再到另外一些人。从地球上的一个地方到另外一个地方，从线性时间轴的一个时间段到后续的另外一个时间段。文化在重复的被解读着，变化着，传递着，这个就是历史的意义。文化的价值，就是这样靠一个个人传递下去而逐渐积累起来的。
Hector动情的说着，当你读书的时候，与另外一个的人相遇，被他捕获。他抓住了你，你感受到他。这就是文化的传递，需要沉下来，慢下来，用心，去接受。然后，它又会以你的方式传播出去。
在大发展的年代，我们每个人不甘落后的高速奔跑着。文化，正在被忽视和遗失。急功近利的人是浮躁的，To Feel，也许可以是一个很短暂瞬间，但是To Feel，需要把心真正的平静下来。这个传递的过程，光靠互联网上晃几眼八卦新闻是做不到的，努力背几本的教科书或者附庸名家大作也是徒劳。
国人就要成为贫穷得只剩人民币了！
3、
How does histry happen？History is just one fucking thing after another, nothing special, ordinary stuff.
历史由一连串的偶然事件组成，这些偶然最后形成一个结果。像蝴蝶扇动的翅膀，或者王佳芝心里打起的小鼓，这些无法确定的因素共同导致一个结果。无所谓对错，发生了的都叫做必然。而过程当中，任何一项的改变，都可能形成别样的结局。
这个论断中学课本告诉过我，并无新意，不过Hector的教学方式很有新意。虚拟形态——Hector用这样的语句来设想过去的种种可能，以及结果。课堂上的角色扮演应该是很有趣的教学模式，学生可以沉浸到历史里面，享受时空变换的戏剧体验。角色和道具，一连串的事件和选择下来，最后形成历史。
于是更加深刻的体会到，一切存在的种种都是可变的，所以，将来永远都是不确定的！哪怕是半小时以后也是不确定的。只有发生过的偶然才叫做必然，只有过去的才是真正已经确定的东西。
在过去的那么多偶然，那么多巧合，那么多选择之后，才有了今天。
再从今天走向变化莫测的将来，那里还有无数的偶然在等待着发生。
原来，我们的今天竟是如此的珍贵！
我一定会好好珍惜和把握现在的。
原诗在前，网上能找到的中文译本放在后面。这几首里我最喜欢是《鼓手霍奇》。
[No.1] 眠歌- []Lullaby
By W.H.Auden
Lay your sleeping head, my love,
Human on my faithless arm;
Time and fevers burn away
Individual beauty from
Thoughtful children, and the grave
Proves the child ephemeral:
But in my arms till break of day
Let the living creature lie,
Mortal, guilty, but to me
The entirely beautiful.
Soul and body have no bounds:
To lovers as they lie upon
Her tolerant enchanted slope
In their ordinary swoon,
Grave the vision Venus sends
Of supernatural sympathy,
Universal love and hope;
While an abstract insight wakes
Among the glaciers and the rocks
The hermit's carnal ecstasy.
Certainty, fidelity
On the stroke of midnight pass
Like vibrations of a bell
And fashionable madmen raise
Their pedantic boring cry:
Every farthing cost,
All the dreaded cards foretell,
Shall be paid, but from this night
Not a whisper, not a thought,
Not a kiss nor look be lost.
Beauty, midnight, vision dies:
Let the winds of dawn that blow
Softly round your dreaming head
Such a day of welcome show
Eye and knocking heart may bless,
Find our mortal world enough;
Noons of dryness find you fed
By the involuntary powers,
Nights of insult let you pass
Watched by every human love.
摇篮曲
薛舟 译
放下你沉睡的头，我的爱，
在我背叛的臂弯里：
时间和热病烧掉了
个体的美丽，从
沉思的孩子身上，坟墓
证明那孩子的短命：
但在破晓之前，先让仅存的生者
躺在我的臂弯，
平凡、有罪，对我来说
却是彻底的美丽。
爱人们的灵魂和肉体没有界限：
当他们躺在
惯常的陶醉中那
被施以魔法的宽容的斜坡，
铭记下维纳斯送来
超自然的同情心、
以及普遍的爱和希望的幻象；
当一个抽象的顿悟
从冰河与岩石中
唤醒隐士世俗的狂热。
确定性，和忠诚
在午夜钟声的敲打中走开
像一个铃铛在颤动
时髦的疯子提高了
他们书生气的烦人的喊叫：
损失掉的每一法寻都要被偿还。
所有恐怖的纸牌的预言都要得到兑现。
但不是从这个夜晚
也不是一声耳语，一个想法
不是一个吻，更不是错过的一瞥。
美、午夜、幻象都将死去：
就让黎明的风吹着
轻柔地环绕你做梦的头
这样受欢迎的一天显示出
眼睛和搏动的心脏或许在祝福，
发现我们平凡的世界已经足够；
干燥的正午你已经被喂饱
被一种不经意的力量，
凌辱之夜允许你通过
在每一对世间爱人的注视下。
[No.2] 美术馆- []Musée des Beaux Arts
By W. H. Auden
About suffering they were never wrong,
The Old Masters; how well, they understood
Its human position; how it takes place
While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;
How, when the aged are reverently, passionately waiting
For the miraculous birth, there always must be
Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating
On a pond at the edge of the wood:
They never forgot
That even the dreadful martyrdom must run its course
Anyhow in a corner, some untidy spot
Where the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse
Scratches its innocent behind on a tree.
In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away
Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may
Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry,
But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone
As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green
Water; and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen
Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,
had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.
美术馆
查良铮 译
关于苦难他们总是很清楚的，
这些古典画家：他们多么深知它在
人心中的地位，深知痛苦会产生，
当别人在吃，在开窗，或正作着无聊的散步的时候；
深知当老年人热烈地、虔敬地等候
神异的降生时，总会有些孩子
并不特别想要他出现，而却在
树林边沿的池塘上溜着冰。
他们从不忘记：
即使悲惨的殉道也终归会完结
在一个角落，乱糟糟的地方，
在那里狗继续过着狗的生涯，而迫害者的马
把无知的臀部在树上摩擦。
在勃鲁盖尔的《伊卡鲁斯》里，比如说；
一切是多么安闲地从那桩灾难转过脸：
农夫或许听到了堕水的声音和那绝望的呼喊，
但对于他，那不是了不得的失败；
太阳依旧照着白腿落进绿波里；
那华贵而精巧的船必曾看见
一件怪事，从天上掉下一个男孩，
但它有某地要去，仍静静地航行。
美术馆
余光中 译
说到苦难，他们从未看错，
古代那些大师：他们深切体认
苦难在人世的地位；当苦难降临，
别人总是在进食或开窗或仅仅默然走过；
当长者正虔诚地、热烈地等，
等奇迹降临，总有孩子们
不特别期待它发生，正巧
在林边的池塘上溜冰：
大师们从不忘记
即使可怖的殉道也必须在一隅
独自进行，在杂乱的一隅
一任狗照常过狗的日子，酷吏的马匹
向一颗树干摩擦无辜的后臀。
例如布鲁果的《伊卡瑞斯》，众人
都悠然不顾那劫难，那农夫可能
听见了水波溅洒，呼救无望，
但是不当它是惨重的牺牲；阳光灿照，
不会不照见白净的双腿没入碧湛
的海波；那豪华优雅的海舟必然看见
一幕奇景，一童子自天而降，
却有路要赶，仍安详地向前航行。
ABOUT THE POEM:
meaning:
The basic premise of the poem is response to tragedy, or as the song goes "Obla Di, Obla Da, Life Goes On." The title refers to the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels. Auden visited the museum in 1938 and viewed the painting by Brueghel, which the poem is basically about. Generalizing at first, and then going into specifics the poem theme is the apathy with which humans view individual suffering.
Auden wrote that "In so far as poetry, or any of the arts, can be said to have an ulterior purpose, it is, by telling the truth, to disenchant and disintoxicate."
The poem juxtaposes ordinary events and exraordinary ones, although extraordinary events seem to deflate to everyday ones with his descriptions. Life goes on while a "miraculous birth occurs", but also while "the disaster" of Icarus's death happens.
background info:
For those cultural barbarians who don't know the story of Icarus, here it is, in condensed form. Icarus was a Greek mythological figure, also known as the son of Daedalus (famous for the Labyrinth of Crete). Now Icarus and his dad were stuck in Crete, because the King of Crete wouldn't let them leave. Daedalus made some wings for the both of them and gave his son instruction on how to fly (not too close to the sea, the water will soak the wings, and not too close to the sky, the sun will melt them). Icarus, however, appeared to be obstinate and did fly to close to the sun. This caused the wax that held his wings to his body to melt. Icarus crashed into the sea and died.
hints:
Some have even claimed to find hints of Auden's eventual reconversion to Christiantiy in the poem. Richard Johnson, author of "Man's Place: An Essay on Auden", believes there is a touch of Christian awareness in the poem, especially the timeline. The reader of the poem is placed in front of the Breughel painting in a museum, and at the same time is expected to project those images and truths to the world outside. There is also a sort of continuity through the poem as you read it and are allowed to see what the poet means. This allows a reader to become aware of his human position.
The poem first discusses a "miraculous birth", and at the end "the tragedy" of a death. The theme in the poem is human suffering. If you add these things together, and stir really well you might even get some hints at religion, mainly at Christianity
Also, the poem suggest a religious acceptance of suffering (example: eating your morning breakfast while watching coverage of a serious trainwreck on CNN). Religious acceptance basically means coming to terms with the ways of the world.
[No.3] 西罗普郡少年- []A SHROPSHIRE LAD
XXXI. "On Wenlock Edge the wood's in trouble..."
by A. E. Housman (1859-1936)
On Wenlock Edge the wood's in trouble;
His forest fleece the Wrekin heaves;
The gale, it plies the saplings double,
And thick on Severn snow the leaves.
'Twould blow like this through holt and hanger
When Uricon the city stood:
'Tis the old wind in the old anger,
But then it threshed another wood.
Then, 'twas before my time, the Roman
At yonder heaving hill would stare:
The blood that warms as English yeoman,
The thoughts that hurt him, they were there.
There, like the wind through woods in riot,
Through him the gale of life blew high;
The tree of man was never quiet:
Then 'twas the Roman, now 'tis I.
The gale, it plies the saplings double,
It blows so hard, 'twill soon be gone:
To-day the Roman and his trouble
Are ashes under Uricon.
A.E.Housman简介：
Alfred Edward Housman was born in a village in rural Shropshire, England in 1859. As a student at Oxford, he distinguished himself as a promising scholar of classics, though crises of a personal nature caused him to fail his final exams. Housman was determined to overcome this failing. When not working at the British Patent office Housman wrote scholarly articles, and published many of them to very high regard from those in academic circles. He was invited to teach at the University of London as a professor of Latin, and soon stepped up to Cambridge University, to retire to the life of a shy academic. He published only two volumes of poetry --A Shropshire Lad in 1898 and Last Poems in 1922 -- yet these were instantly and enormously popular. However successful he was, the tone of his poems remained that of the Latin poets he admired: that life is short and often, inexplicably, comes to a bad end.
另外，八十多年前郁达夫也曾提到过A Shropshire Lad：
啊呵，去年六月在灯火繁华的上海市外，在车马喧嚷的黄浦江边，我一边念着Housman的A Shropshire Lad里的
Come you home a hero
Or come not home at all，
The lads you leave will mind You
Till Ludlow tower shall fall
几句清诗， 一边呆呆的看着江中黝黑混浊的流水，曾经发了几多的叹声，滴了几多的眼泪。你若知道我那时候的绝望的情怀，我想你去年的那几封微有怨意的信也不至于发给我了。——啊，我想起了，你是不懂英文的，这几句诗我顺便替你译出吧。
“汝当衣锦归，
否则永莫回，
令汝别后之儿童
望到拉德罗塔毁。”
摘自：《茑萝行》（原载一九二三年五月一日《创造季刊》第二卷第一号，据《达夫短篇小说集》上册）
[No.4] 鼓手霍奇- []Drummer Hodge
by Thomas Hardy
They throw in Drummer Hodge, to rest
Uncoffined – just as found:
His landmark is a kopje-crest
That breaks the veldt around;
And foreign constellations west
Each night above his mound.
Young Hodge the Drummer never knew –
Fresh from his Wessex home –
The meaning of the broad Karoo,
The Bush, the dusty loam,
And why uprose to nightly view
Strange stars amid the gloam.
Yet portion of that unknown plain
Will Hodge forever be;
His homely Northern breast and brain
Grow to some Southern tree,
And strange-eyed constellation reign
His stars eternally.
鼓手霍奇
托玛斯·哈代
吕志鲁译
鼓手霍奇被扔进坑里掩埋，
正如找到时那样，没有棺材：
他的坟地是南非的一座小山，
把周围的平原稍稍撕开；
这坟墓上空的每个夜晚，
异国的星座在西边摆开。
刚从威塞克斯老家来到这里，
年轻的鼓手霍奇弄不明白，
灌木丛丛，沃土扬尘，
广阔干旱的高原意义何在？
昏暗的黑夜茫茫一片，
闪烁的星座好生奇怪。
正是这无名平原的一角，
霍奇将要长眠，永不离开；
他将长成一棵南方的大树，
带着北方质朴的头脑、胸怀，
任凭星星闪烁陌生的眼睛，
把他的命运永远主宰。
[No.5] 不言的渴望- [] Leaves of Grass
289. The Untold Want
By Walt Whitman (1819–1892)
THE untold want, by life and land ne’er granted,
Now, Voyager, sail thou forth, to seek and find.